noticed that the longitudinal restraint produced by steel girders may cause cracking since most of the cracking on the bridge deck is perpendicular to the steel girder direction. These fiber stresses in the deck over the support are worsened by tension due to shrinkage and temperature effects. This is due to negative moments above the internal supports that produce more tensile fiber stress in continuous span bridge decks, resulting in deck cracking. Hence, bridges with continuous spans are more likely to crack than simple span bridges. The design types, continuous or simple span, have a significant influence on the cracking of concrete bridge decks. At the early stage of curing, concrete strength is increasing but may be low, and shrinkage stresses may cause cracking in the concrete due to the low strength. Cracks may appear in the early stages of a bridge's life, even before it is subjected to traffic. In various bridge configurations, significant cracking can form, in both concrete and steel superstructures. The generation of shrinkage and temperature cracks is a well-known problem that reduces its durability and service life. Composite steel-concrete girders are common structural systems used for bridges and buildings.
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